George Lincoln Rockwell Man in the High Castle
| George Lincoln Rockwell | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Commander of the American Nazi Political party | |
| In office March 1959 – August 25, 1967 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Matthias Koehl |
| Leader of the World Spousal relationship of National Socialists | |
| In office 1962 – August 25, 1967 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded past | Matthias Koehl |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1918-03-09)March 9, 1918 Bloomington, Illinois, U.Southward. |
| Died | August 25, 1967(1967-08-25) (aged 49) Arlington Canton, Virginia, U.South. |
| Crusade of death | Assassination (gunshot wound) |
| Political party | American Nazi Political party |
| Spouse(s) |
|
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Co-operative/service | U.s.a. Navy |
| Years of service | 1941–1960 |
| Rank |  Commander |
| Battles/wars | |
| Awards |
|
George Lincoln Rockwell (March ix, 1918 – August 25, 1967) was an American Neo-Nazi politician. Formerly a member of the United States Navy achieving the rank of Commander, he was discharged from the military in 1959 because of his political views. He and so founded the American Nazi Party.
Rockwell denied the Holocaust and believed that Martin Luther Male monarch Jr. was a tool for Jewish Communists wanting to rule the white community. He blamed the civil rights movement on the Jews. [i] He regarded Adolf Hitler as the "White savior of the twentieth century". [i] He viewed black people as a primitive, lethargic race who desired only uncomplicated pleasures and a life of irresponsibility and supported the resettlement of all African Americans in a new African land to be funded past the U.Due south. government. [1] As a supporter of racial segregation, he agreed with and quoted many leaders of the Blackness nationalism motility such as Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm 10. [ii] [ page needed ] In after years, Rockwell became increasingly aligned with other Neo-Nazi groups, leading the World Matrimony of National Socialists.
On August 25, 1967, Rockwell was shot and killed in Arlington past John Patler, a party member expelled by Rockwell for declared "Bolshevik leanings". [3]
Biography [ edit ]
Early life [ edit ]
Rockwell was born in Bloomington, Illinois, the kickoff of three children of George Lovejoy Rockwell and Claire (Schade) Rockwell. His father was born in Providence, Rhode Isle, and was of English and Scottish beginnings. His mother was the daughter of Augustus Schade, a German language immigrant, and Corrine Boudreau, who was of Acadian French ancestry. Both parents were vaudeville comedians and actors. His parents divorced when Rockwell was six years old, and he divided his youth between his mother in Atlantic City, New Jersey and his begetter in Boothbay Harbor, Maine. [four]
Rockwell attended Atlantic City High Schoolhouse in Atlantic Metropolis, and applied to Harvard University when he was 17 years former. However, he was denied admission. One year later, his father enrolled him at Hebron Academy in Hebron, Maine. [five]
In August 1938, Rockwell enrolled at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island as a philosophy major. [4] In his sophomore twelvemonth, Rockwell dropped out of Brown Academy and accustomed a commission in the Usa Navy. [4]
Military service and early career [ edit ]
Rockwell appreciated the guild and subject of the Navy, and attended flying schools in Massachusetts and Florida in 1940. When he completed his training, he served in the Battle of the Atlantic and the Pacific War in World War II. He served aboard the USS Omaha , USS Pastores , USS Wasp and USS Mobile , primarily in back up, photo reconnaissance, transport and training functions. [half-dozen] Though he never actually flew in combat, he was considered a proficient pilot and an efficient officeholder. [half dozen]
On April 24, 1943, Rockwell married Judith Aultman, whom he had met while attending Dark-brown University. [half-dozen] Aultman was a student at Pembroke Higher, which was the coordinate women's college of the university. The couple had iii daughters: Bonnie, Nancy, and Phoebe Jean. Rockwell did not get along with his in-laws; he blamed them for not raising Judith to be "docile and compliant", his image of the perfect wife. His union was marred with violent arguments and on at least one occasion, he struck his wife. [vi]
After the war ended, Rockwell worked as a sign painter out of a small shop on country owned past his father in Boothbay Harbor, Maine. [6] In 1946, he entered the commercial art plan at the Pratt Constitute in Brooklyn, New York. [4] He and his married woman Judith moved to New York City and then he could study at Pratt. He did well at Pratt, winning the $1,000 first prize for an advertizement he did for the American Cancer Order. [4] [7] However, he left Pratt before finishing his concluding twelvemonth, and moved to Maine to institute his ain advert agency. [6]
In 1950, Rockwell was recalled to duty as a lieutenant commander at the beginning of the Korean War. He moved to San Diego with his wife and three children, where he trained pilots in the Us Navy and United states of america Marine Corps. [4]
Privately, during his fourth dimension in San Diego, Rockwell became an advocate of Adolf Hitler and a supporter of Nazism. [1] He was influenced by Senator Joseph McCarthy'due south opinion against communism.[ commendation needed ] Rockwell supported Full general Douglas MacArthur'southward candidacy for president of the United States. He adopted the corncob pipe, following MacArthur's instance. [8] In 1951, he read the Protocols of the Elders of Zion and Hitler'southward manifesto Mein Kampf . [1]
In November 1952, Rockwell was transferred to Iceland, where he became a Grumman F8F Bearcat airplane pilot and attained the rank of commander. [i] [4] Because families were not permitted to exist with American service personnel stationed there, his wife and children stayed with her female parent in Barrington, Rhode Island. His wife filed for divorce the following yr. Rockwell attended a diplomatic party in Reykjavík where he met Margrét Þóra Hallgrímsson, the niece of Iceland's ambassador to the U.s.; [1] they were married on October 3, 1953, by Þóra's uncle, the Bishop of Iceland. They spent their honeymoon in Berchtesgaden, Germany, where Hitler once owned the Berghof mountain retreat in the Bavarian Alps. They made a "pilgrimage" to Hitler'southward Adlerhorst. [1] Together they had iii children: Hallgrímur, Margrét, and Evelyn Bentína. In 1957, Hallgrímsson's father went to the U.Due south. to take his daughter dorsum to Iceland because he had learned that Rockwell was "i of the most agile racists in the The states." [7] She later on divorced Rockwell and remarried in 1963. [7]
In September 1955 in Washington, D.C., he launched U.S. Lady , a magazine for Usa servicemen's wives. The mag incorporated Rockwell's political causes: his opposition to both racial integration and communism. The publication had fiscal bug and he sold the magazine. All the same, he still aspired to pursue a career in publishing.
When I was in the advertising game, we used to use nude women. Now I use the swastika and tempest troopers. You lot utilise what brings them in.
—George Lincoln Rockwell [6]
Early political activities [ edit ]
Later on his motion to Washington, D.C. in 1955, he gradually became radicalized until, in the words of his biographer, he was "on the farthest fringe of the right wing." [1] In 1957–1958, Rockwell had a serial of dreams that concluded with him meeting Hitler. [1]
In 1958, Rockwell met Harold Noel Arrowsmith, Jr., a wealthy heir and antisemite who provided Rockwell with a house and press equipment. They formed the National Committee to Costless America from Jewish Domination. [nine]
On July 29, 1958, Rockwell demonstrated in front end of the White House in an anti-war protestation confronting President Dwight D. Eisenhower'south decision to send peacekeeping troops to the Centre East, known equally Operation Blue Bat. Rockwell and his supporters specifically protested what they supposed was Jewish command of the government. [x] In October 1958, following the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Temple bombing, Rockwell'south home was raided past the police. [eleven]
Rockwell gained notoriety after Drew Pearson wrote an article describing how Rockwell and his followers dressed in uniforms, armed themselves with guns, and paraded at his domicile in Arlington County, Virginia. [12]
American Nazi Political party [ edit ]
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Rockwell (foreground, with swastika armband) at a rally in 1967.
In March 1959, Rockwell founded the World Union of Complimentary Enterprise National Socialists (WUFENS), a name selected to denote opposition to state ownership of property. In December 1959, the organization was renamed the American Nazi Party (later on the National Socialist White People's Party, NSWPP), and its headquarters was relocated to 928 Northward Randolph Street in Arlington, which also became Rockwell'southward dwelling house. [6]
In 1959, he published an Animal Farm -type parody, the long-form poem The Fable of the Ducks and the Hens. [13]
In 1960, as a consequence of his political activities, the Navy discharged Rockwell one year short of retirement considering he was regarded as "not deployable" due to his political views. The proceedings to dismiss him were an extremely public affair. Even though he received an honorable discharge, Rockwell claimed he "had basically been thrown out of the Navy", for which he blamed the Jews. [14] In lodge to attract media attention, Rockwell held a rally on April 3, 1960, on the National Mall, where he addressed the crowd with a two-60 minutes speech. A second rally was planned for Union Square in New York Metropolis. Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. refused to grant him a allow to speak, and he appealed that decision to the New York Supreme Courtroom. When Rockwell emerged in the courthouse rotunda, he was surrounded by a crowd of idiot box reporters. One of the reporters, Reese Schonfeld, interviewed Rockwell, and subsequently Rockwell made anti-Semitic comments, a melee bankrupt out, requiring a police convoy to escort Rockwell from the courthouse. Rockwell, with the aid of the American Ceremonious Liberties Union, eventually won a permit, but it was long later on the date of the planned event. [15] Some other rally was set for July 4, 1960, again on the National Mall. Rockwell and his men were confronted past a mob and a anarchism ensued. The police arrested Rockwell and 8 party members. Rockwell demanded a trial, and instead, was committed to a psychiatric hospital for 30 days. In less than two weeks, he was released and found mentally competent to stand trial. He published a pamphlet inspired by this experience titled How to Get Out or Stay Out of the Insane Asylum. [16]
On January 15, 1961, Rockwell and a boyfriend Nazi Party member attempted to sentry the local premiere of the film Exodus at the Saxon Theatre in Downtown Boston, Massachusetts on Tremont Street while staying at the Hotel Touraine. Later on Boston Mayor John F. Collins (1960–1968) declined to deny Rockwell the correct to scout, members of the local Jewish customs organized a counterdemonstration of ii,000 protestors in response on the corner of Tremont and Boylston Streets on the day of the premiere, which forced constabulary to converge on the theater and strength Rockwell into a police cruiser that took him to Logan International Airport where Rockwell was then boarded onto a flight to Washington, DC. [17]
In early 1962, Rockwell planned a rally to celebrate Hitler's birthday in April. In the summertime, he attended a camp organized by British Neo-Nazi Colin Hashemite kingdom of jordan in Gloucestershire where they organized the World Union of National Socialists. In September, he awarded one of his members a medal for punching Martin Luther King Jr. in the face. [ane]
In the 1964 United States presidential election, Rockwell ran equally a write-in candidate, receiving 212 votes. [18] He ran as an independent in the 1965 Virginia gubernatorial election, receiving five,730 votes, or 1.02% of the total, finishing concluding among the four candidates. [xix]
In the summertime of 1966, Rockwell led a counter-demonstration confronting King's attempt to bring an terminate to de facto segregation in the white Chicago suburb of Cicero, Illinois. He believed that Rex was a tool for Jewish Communists who wanted to integrate America. [20] Rockwell believed that integration was a Jewish plot to rule the white community. [iv] Rockwell led the American Nazi Party in profitable the Ku Klux Klan and similar organizations during the ceremonious rights motility, in attempts to counter the Freedom Riders and the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. But he soon came to believe that the Klan was stuck in the past and ineffective in helping him wage a modern racial struggle.
In 1966, later on hearing the slogan "Black Power" during a contend with Blackness Panther Political party leader Stokely Carmichael, Rockwell contradistinct the phrase and started a call for "White Ability". [21]
In the spring of 1966, the political party began publication of several pamphlets and books, including National Socialist World edited by William Luther Pierce, [1] writings by Rockwell, the periodical Stormtrooper Magazine (originally National Socialist Bulletin), and a propaganda comic book, Here Comes Whiteman!, where the championship superhero character battles enemies modeled subsequently racist stereotypes.
In Nov 1966, the American Civil Liberties Marriage once again represented Rockwell, defending his right to stage marches or parades in Jewish neighborhoods during Jewish holidays. [22]
Offices [ edit ]
The two-storey subcontract house Rockwell established as his "Stormtrooper Barracks" was located at 6150 Wilson Boulevard in the Dominion Hills Historic Commune. It was there that the interview with Alex Haley for Playboy occurred. The house has since been razed, and the property has been incorporated into Upton Hill Regional Park. A small pavilion with picnic tables marks the house's former location. The site of the political party headquarters, 928 North Randolph Street in Ballston, Arlington, Virginia, is at present a hotel and office building. After Rockwell's death, his successor, Matthias Koehl, relocated the headquarters to 2507 North Franklin Road in Clarendon, Arlington, Virginia. [23] The pocket-size edifice, often misidentified today as Rockwell'southward one-time headquarters, is now a java shop called Sweet Science Coffee, [24] formerly The Coffee Shack. [25] [26] [27] Koehl moved the headquarters to New Berlin, Wisconsin in the mid-1980s.
Tape label [ edit ]
In the 1960s, Rockwell attempted to draw attending to his cause by starting a pocket-sized record label, named Hatenanny Records. The name was based on the word "hootenanny", a term given to folk music performances. The characterization released a 45 RPM unmarried by a band called Odis Cochran and the 3 Bigots with the songs "Send Those Niggers Back" and "We Is Non-Violent Niggers", and a 2d single by a group called the Coon Hunters: "Nosotros Don't Want No Niggers For Neighbors" backed with "Who Needs A Nigger?". They were sold mostly through mail service guild and at political party rallies. [28]
Hate jitney [ edit ]
When the Liberty Riders drove their campaign for the desegregation of bus stations in the Deep South, Rockwell secured a Volkswagen van and decorated it with slogans supporting white supremacy, dubbing it the "Hate Bus" and driving it to speaking engagements and party rallies. [29] [30] [31] [32]
Black nationalism movement [ edit ]
Rockwell got along well with many leaders of the Black nationalism motility, such as Elijah Muhammad (Nation of Islam, Due north.O.I leader) and Malcolm X (who later changed views and opposed N.O.I's race-separatism), since they shared the goal of racial segregation. [33] In January 1962, Rockwell wrote to his followers that Elijah Muhammad "has gathered millions of the dingy, immoral, drunken, filthy-mouthed, lazy and repulsive people sneeringly called 'niggers' and inspired them to the indicate where they are make clean, sober, honest, hard working, dignified, dedicated and beauteous human beings in spite of their color ... Muhammad knows that mixing is a Jewish fraud and leads only to bedevilment of the problems that it is supposed to solve ... I have talked to the Muslim leaders and am sure that a workable plan for separation of the races could be effected to the satisfaction of all concerned—except the Communist-Jew agitators." [2] He also said of Elijah Muhammad "I am fully in concert with their program, and I have the highest respect for Elijah Muhammad." He referred to Elijah Muhammad every bit "The Black People'south Hitler" and donated $20 (worth almost $186 in 2021) to the Nation of Islam at their "Freedom Rally" event on June 25, 1961, at Uline Arena in Washington where he and 10–20 of his "stormtroopers" attended a speech by Malcolm Ten. [34] Rockwell was a invitee speaker at a Black Muslim event in the International Amphitheater in Chicago, with Elijah Mohammed and Malcolm 10, on February 25, 1962. [1] [35] [36]
Inspired past Black Muslims' use of organized religion to mobilize people, Rockwell sought collaboration with Christian Identity groups. On June ten, 1964, he met with and formed an brotherhood with Identity minister Wesley A. Swift. Rockwell used religious imagery, depicting himself every bit a Christ-like martyr against the Jews. Nazis establish a welcome home in Swift's church and church building members found a political outlet in the American Nazi Party. [half dozen]
Holocaust denial [ edit ]
Rockwell was a Holocaust denier. In the Apr 1966 interview for Playboy conducted by journalist Alex Haley, Rockwell stated, "I don't believe for one minute that any 6,000,000 Jews were exterminated by Hitler. It never happened." [4] When asked in a 1965 interview with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation if the Holocaust were true, Rockwell replied past challenge he had "incontrovertible documentary proof that that'due south not true." [37]
Expiry [ edit ]
On August 25, 1967, Rockwell was shot and killed while leaving a laundromat in Arlington, Virginia, but a few yards from where he lived. [38] [39] [40] John Patler, who had been expelled by Rockwell from his political party in March 1967 for repeated attempts to inject Marxist ideas into party publications, [xl] [41] was convicted of the murder in Dec 1967, and sentenced to 20 years in prison. He served an initial eight years in prison, and afterward a further 6 years following a parole violation. Hearing of his son's decease, Rockwell's 78-yr-quondam begetter said: "I am not surprised at all. I've expected it for quite some time." [5] [38] [42] [43]
Matthias Koehl, the second in command at NSWPP, moved to establish control over Rockwell's body and the assets of the NSWPP, which at the time had some 300 agile members and 3,000 financial supporters. Rockwell'southward parents wanted a private burial in Maine, just declined to fight with the Nazis. On August 27, an NSWPP spokesman reported that federal officials had approved a war machine burial at Culpeper National Cemetery, Rockwell existence an honorably discharged veteran. [44] The cemetery specified that no Nazi insignia could be displayed, and when the 50 mourners violated these weather condition, the entrance to the cemetery was blocked in a five-hour standoff, during which the hearse, which had been stopped on railroad tracks near the cemetery, was nearly struck by an approaching train. The side by side day, Rockwell's body was secretly cremated. [8]
Legacy [ edit ]
Rockwell was a source of inspiration for David Duke when he was young and openly espousing neo-Nazi sentiments. As a pupil in high school, when Duke learned of Rockwell's murder, he reportedly said "The greatest American who ever lived has been shot downwards and killed." [45]
2 of Rockwell's associates, Matthias Koehl and William Luther Pierce, formed their ain organizations. Koehl, who was Rockwell'south successor, renamed the National Socialist White Peoples Party (NSWPP) the New Order in 1983 and relocated it to Wisconsin soon thereafter. Pierce founded the National Alliance and wrote the racist dystopian novel The Turner Diaries . Several other neo-Nazi groups were formed over the years since Rockwell's death, some past his followers and other by newer generations of white supremacists. Some are at present defunct.
In popular culture [ edit ]
In the lyrics to the Bob Dylan song "Talkin' John Birch Paranoid Blues", the narrator parodies Abraham Lincoln and Thomas Jefferson as being Communists, and claims that the simply "true American" is George Lincoln Rockwell. Quoting the lyrics: "I know for a fact that he hates Commies, 'cause he picketed the movie Exodus ." [46]
For their 1972 album Non Insane or Anything You Want To , The Firesign Theatre created a fictional presidential candidate, George Papoon, running on the equally fictional ticket, the Natural Surrealist Light Peoples Party, the name taken as an apparent parody of Rockwell's own group, the National Socialist White Peoples Party. [47]
Marlon Brando portrayed Rockwell in the idiot box miniseries Roots: The Next Generations and won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Picture for his performance.
In the tertiary season of post-World War II alternate history television show The Man in the High Castle , David Furr portrayed Rockwell equally the Reichsmarschall of North America. Nazi-ruled New York City's main airdrome was named Lincoln Rockwell Airport. [48]
National Lampoon magazine ran a parody of NSWPP propaganda, nether the title "Americans United to Beat the Dutch", in their April 1973 "Prejudice" issue, [49] and another in the May 1974 "50th Ceremony" event, [50] which reportedly cost the magazine an advertising contract with the Dutch brewer Heineken. [51]
A fictional version of Rockwell is featured every bit a supporting character in James Ellroy's 2019 novel, This Storm , which is part of The 2nd L.A. Quartet, Ellroy's new novels.
Publications [ edit ]
- How to Get out Or Stay Out of the Insane Asylum (1960)
- In Hoc Signo Vinces (1960)
- Rockwell Written report (1961)
- This Time the World (1961)
- White Cocky-Hate: Master-Stroke Of The Enemy (1962)
- White Power (1966)
Albums [ edit ]
- Nazi Rockwell: A Portrait in Sound (1973, posthumous)
- Speech at Brown Academy, 1966 (1966)
- Speech in the Armory, Lynchburg, Virginia, August 20, 1963 (1963)
Come across besides [ edit ]
References [ edit ]
- ^ a b c d e f chiliad h i j thou l m Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (July 31, 2003). Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity . New York Academy Press. ISBN 978-0814731550 .
- ^ a b Marable, Manning (2013). The Portable Malcolm X Reader . Penguin Books. ISBN 9780143106944 .
- ^ "Killer of American Nazi Primary Paroled". St. Joseph News-Printing . Baronial 23, 1975. Retrieved December three, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f m h i Rockwell, George Lincoln (April 1966). "Interview with George Lincoln Rockwell". Playboy (Interview). Interviewed past Alex Haley.
- ^ a b "For years, the so-called 'grandfather' of neo-Nazis called Maine his home" . Portland Press Herald . September 3, 2017.
- ^ a b c d due east f one thousand h i Simonelli, Frederick James (1999). American Fuehrer: George Lincoln Rockwell and the American Nazi Party . Academy of Illinois Printing. ISBN 978-0-252-02285-2 .
- ^ a b c Rockwell, George Lincoln (March 2004). This Time the World (PDF). American Nazi Party. ISBN 978-1-59364-014-9 .
- ^ a b Miller, Michael E. (August 21, 2017). "The shadow of an assassinated American Nazi commander hangs over Charlottesville". The Washington Mail service .
- ^ Simonelli American Fuehrer, p. 26–27
- ^ Goodrick-Clarke Black Lord's day, p. 11
- ^ Morris, Travis (2017). Dark Ideas: How Neo-Nazi and Violent Jihadi Ideologues Shaped Modernistic Terrorism . Lanham, MD & London, UK: Lexington Books. p. 78. ISBN 9780739191057 .
- ^ McCabe, Scott (Baronial 24, 2009). "Criminal offence HISTORY - American Nazi leader killed near Arlington dwelling". Washington Examiner .
- ^ "The Legend of the Ducks and the Hens: A Dramatic Saga of Intrigue, Propaganda and Subversion (1959) - George Lincoln Rockwell". Internet Archive. 1959.
- ^ Newton, Michael (April 17, 2014). Famous Assassinations in Globe History: An Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610692861 .
- ^ Matter of Rockwell v. Morris , 10 721 (New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division June 9, 1961).
- ^ Rockwell, George Lincoln (1960). How to Become Out Or Stay Out of the Insane Asylum . Sons of Liberty.
- ^ Levine, Hillel; Harmon, Lawrence (1992). The Death of an American Jewish Community: A Tragedy of Good Intentions. New York: Free Press. pp. 260–266. ISBN 978-0029138656 .
- ^ "Our Campaigns - US President National Vote Race - Nov 03, 1964". ourcampaigns.com.
- ^ Hunter, Jack R. (Leap 1972). "Linwood Holton'southward long quest for the governorship of Virginia and its impact on the growth of the Republican Political party". Academy of Richmond.
- ^ Rockwell, George Lincoln. "White Power". Internet Archive.
- ^ WHITTEMORE, KATHARINE (July nineteen, 1999). "American Fuehrer: George Lincoln Rockwell and the American Nazi Party". Salon .
- ^ "Civil Liberties Marriage to Represent Rockwell in U.South. District Court". Jewish Telegraphic Agency . November 3, 1966.
- ^ Barrett, H. Michael. "Pierce, Koehl and the National Socialist White People's Party Internal Split up of 1970". The Heretical Printing.
- ^ Sweet Science Coffee website
- ^ Weingarten, Gene (February ten, 2008). "Information technology'south Just Nazi Aforementioned Place". The Washington Post .
- ^ Cooper, Rebecca (December 30, 2014). "Java Shack possessor to say cheerio later on nearly two decades". American Metropolis Concern Journals .
- ^ Jones, Mark (January two, 2013). "Nazis in Arlington: George Rockwell and the ANP". WETA .
- ^ "Hatenanny Records Advertisement [American Nazi Party handbill]". Virginia Republic University.
- ^ Powell, Lawrence Due north. (1997), "When Detest Came to Boondocks: New Orleans' Jews and George Lincoln Rockwell", American Jewish History , 85 (4): 393–419, doi:x.1353/ajh.1997.0034, JSTOR23885627, S2CID161205862
- ^ "Riding the Hate Bus, 1961". Messynessychic.com. March 25, 2014.
- ^ Arsenault, Raymond (Jan 15, 2006). Liberty Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice . Oxford University Printing. p.276. ISBN 9780199755813 .
- ^ Boyd, Herb (2004). We Shall Overcome with 2 Audio CDs: The History of the Civil Rights Motion . Sourcebooks. ISBN 9781402202131 .
- ^ "When George Lincoln Rockwell, Elijah Muhammad, and Malcolm X Shared the Same Phase".
- ^ McPheeters, Sam (April 16, 2015). "When Malcolm 10 Met the Nazis". Vice .
- ^ "Magnum Photos Home". pro.magnumphotos.com . Retrieved July 28, 2021.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Schmaltz, William H. (2013). For Race And Nation: George Lincoln Rockwell and the American Nazi Political party . Cyberspace Archive.
- ^ a b "1967: 'American Hitler' shot expressionless". BBC News . August 25, 1967.
- ^ Clark, Charles Southward. (December 30, 2010). "Death of an Arlington Nazi". Northern Virginia Magazine .
- ^ a b Graham, Fred P. (Baronial 26, 1967). "Rockwell, U.S. Nazi, Slain; Ex-Aide Is Held as Sniper" . The New York Times .
- ^ "Rockwell Aide Charge in Slaying". The Post and Courier . August 26, 1967.
- ^ "Patler convicted, faces 20 years". The Free Lance–Star . December xvi, 1967.
- ^ "Killer of American Nazi Principal Paroled". St. Joseph News-Printing . August 23, 1975.
- ^ "Army Cancels Approving for Burial of Rockwell at National Cemetery; 3 Nazis Arrested". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Baronial 30, 1967.
- ^ Bridges, Tyler (2004). The Rising of David Duke . University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9780878056842 .
- ^ "Talkin' John Birch Paranoid Blues". Bob Dylan.
- ^ "FiresignTheatre.com – Join the Papoon Bandwagon!". The Firesign Theatre.
- ^ Nelson, Samantha (September 27, 2018). "Season three of The Homo in the High Castle doubles down on science fiction — and stumbles". The Verge .
- ^ "April 1973, Vol. 1, No. 37 / Prejudice". Mark's Very Large National Lampoon Site.
- ^ "May 1974, Vol. i, No. l / 50th Ceremony". Mark's Very Large National Lampoon Site.
- ^ "49. "Americans United to Shell the Dutch"". Marking'southward Very Large National Lampoon Site.
Bibliography [ edit ]
- Schmaltz, William H. (2001). Detest: George Lincoln Rockwell and the American Nazi Party. Brasseys. ISBN 978-1-57488-262-ix .
- Griffin, Robert S. (2001). The Fame of a Dead Man's Deeds. AuthorHouse. pp. 87–115. ISBN 978-0-7596-0933-4 .
External links [ edit ]
- Biography of George Lincoln Rockwell at IMDB
- "Nazis In America", a commentary and review of Hate by Myrna Estep, Ph.D.
- "Blast from the Past: George Lincoln Rockwell" by David Maurer in Daily Progress, Baronial 24, 2003
- George Lincoln Rockwell's FBI files, obtained under the FOIA and hosted at the Internet Annal Office i, Part ii, Role 3
George Lincoln Rockwell Man in the High Castle
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